客居俄罗斯
俄罗斯是一个大国，要想对其深入了解，到大书店走一下，会发现好书俯拾皆是。20多年前我从“苏联概况”（李明滨）、“苏联概览”（徐葵）等书开始了对苏联的了解。

用英文介绍俄罗斯的国家历史、文化、风土人情等

Russian history

Russia's modern history is generally considered to be traced back to the establishment of the Grand Duchy of Moscow was beginning. But in Russia, from ancient human habitation.
Moscow was built in 1147, Grand Duke Vladimir Yuri Road Carew Ki is its founder. His monument has been erected in the square in front of the Moscow city government. In 1547, Grand Duke of Moscow, said the coronation of Tsar Ivan IV, built the Kremlin, the Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually developed into Northeast Ross political, economic, cultural and religious center, leading other countries to get rid of the Mongol Tatar public rule making Roth became an independent country. To commemorate the 1552 military victory over the Kazan Tatars, Ivan the Terrible ordered the construction of Basil's Cathedral.
When Peter the Great 17th century, the rapid development of many European countries, and Russia serfdom still prevailed. To imitate the West, Peter sent missions in 1697 went to study in Western Europe, and he toured a pseudonym, after returning home to implement a series of reforms, known as Peter I reforms in the political, military, economic, scientific and cultural improves Russia's strength. In 1721, Peter declared the Russian Empire. Catherine II period, an unprecedented expansion of the territory, known as the golden age of the empire.
In the meantime, in 1703, Peter the Great built on the Neva estuary check 亚茨 Peter fortress island, after the expansion of the city, St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg, Peter the Great to establish the purpose is to make Russia learn from the West, learning in Europe, learning the advanced capitalism. And the implementation of Europe in St. Petersburg gentleman, holding the ball, the implementation of the French, running schools, known as Russia's most European city. 1712 army, moved here from Moscow the Russian capital, for 200 years. Monuments have to stay during the Winter Palace, Peterhof, Nevsky Prospect.
After the October 1917 revolution, the Soviet Communist Party came to power, the implementation of communist policies, the absorption of other small countries have become member nations, country called the Soviet Union.
Lenin's death in 1924, was buried in what is now the Lenin Mausoleum. After Stalin led the people in socialist construction has made great achievements. Underground palace of art known as the Moscow Metro is then opened. The Soviet Union became the second, the first European socialist industry and agriculture developed powerful socialist country in the world in 1940. Stalin era left a Stalinist architecture style of some of the buildings: Moscow University.
1941-1945 Soviet people defeated the brutal fascist Germany. To commemorate the sacrifice of the unsung heroes of the anti-fascist war, the Soviet Union built the famous Tomb of Unknown Soldier in 1967.
Successive leaders of the Soviet Union as well as Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov, Cheka in families, Mikhail Gorbachev and the like. Novodevichy cemetery can be seen in their cemeteries and very unique statues. Soviet 50--70 years comprehensive confrontation known as the Cold War with the United States and other Western capitalist countries. 1990s, the republics became independent, the disintegration of the Soviet regime in 1991.
Russian Federation and Russia with the name of the country, capitalist and presidential system, led by President Boris Yeltsin. In 1994, Christ the Savior Cathedral began to rebuild.

Social Customs

Russians are very particular about the call, but if you and they just generally play deal, they do not know all the tricks of the.
In the streets, shops, buses and other common situations, you can call each other you (K), or comrade (Dawalixi).
If further conversation, you can press the other sex and age, are called Sir (Ga Siba Nigeria season), Miss Jiewushiga, Ms. (dum), Friends (available Luke) , young man (Maradona lei).
With the Russians in a more formal occasion awareness and talk to each other, to try to remember the full name of the other party, it is necessary to call his name plus father's surname, to show respect and polite, and remember: You do not say you.
Ritual practices
Russian general's gift is the handshake, but a handshake to take off gloves, long-awaited common friends hugged and kissed the ceremony, men in general kiss lady hand. In the solemn occasion, the Russian people with the bread of salt way to greet guests representing the highest respect and warmest welcome, a guest invited to the Russian people, should strip entered and cap, Xianxiang hostess say hello, again man of the house and others say hello, men smoking, first obtain the consent of the ladies.
Ethnic Clothing
In Russian folk, married women must wear headscarves, and mainly white; unmarried girls not wearing headscarves, but often wear a hat. In the city, the Russian people currently wear a suit or skirt, Russian women often have to wear a dress. Typical Russian national costume are: Xie Jin Men long-sleeved shirt is usually embroidered neckline and hem, tied a belt over a shirt to wear. Shirt is generally used linen cloth, made of white cotton cloth, but also useful colorful fabric made. Pants a little fat, is made with a white cloth or dyed fabric.
Diet Custom
Caviar, borscht, as well as traditional small pancakes, are very ethnic characteristics. Usually in the Russian table of the most common is a wide variety of meat, almost every meal there will be beef, lamb, steak, sausages.
Russians often drink honey drinks, kvass and so on. Russians love to drink is world-famous, the most important wine comes vodka. Russians have a habit of drinking tea, the main drinking tea.
Taboo
1, the Russian people, especially taboo 13 figure, that it is dangerous and a symbol of death. On the contrary, that 7 means happiness and success.
2, the Russian people do not like black, that it will not bring good luck.
3, Russians believe mirrors are sacred items, broken mirror means the destruction of the soul, but if you break the cups, saucers, plates it means wealth and happiness, so wedding dinner, your birthday and other solemn occasions, will Some deliberately broken disk and celebrate.
4, let the smoke, generally handed the cigarette to let self-created, not just to one. Special attention not to a match point three people smoke. When men smoke, ask your mind beside women do not mind. When we go out, the man to help fellow women wear a coat, pull the door.
5, please look at when talking to each other, not a word, to show respect.
6, the toilet-generation language is I'm sorry, wait, or to say I'm sorry, I make a call, please wait.
7, to take off gloves when shaking hands, do not shake each other's hand, general relationship, gently grip; when a good relationship can be hard.
8, for the elderly women do not first hand. First meeting of women can be the first bow.
9, you are a woman, please avoid to dress when fan fan, otherwise unnecessary misunderstanding.
10, can not hand pointing to others, do not yell when talking to the Russian people either do not speak in public, or whispered, very civilized.

俄罗斯的历史

现代一般认为俄罗斯的历史应追溯至莫斯科大公国的建立为始。但是在俄罗斯境内，自远古就有人类居住。
莫斯科建于1147年，弗拉基米尔大公尤里·道卡鲁怾是其奠基人。他的纪念像一直矗立在莫斯科市政府前面的广场上。1547年，莫斯科大公伊凡四世加冕称沙皇，建造克里姆林宫，莫斯科大公国逐渐发展为东北罗斯的政治、经济、文化和宗教中心，领导其他公国摆脱了蒙古鞑靼的统治，使罗斯成为一个独立的国家。为了纪念1552年战胜喀山鞑靼军队，伊凡大帝下令建造瓦西里大教堂。
彼得大帝17世纪时，欧洲许多国家发展迅速，而俄国农奴制度还在盛行。为了效法西方，彼得一世在1697年派遣使团赴西欧考察，自己也化名随团出访，回国后实行了一系列改革，史称彼得一世改革，在政治、军事、经济、科学文化各方面提高了俄罗斯的实力。1721年，彼得一世宣布俄罗斯为帝国。叶卡捷琳娜二世时期，领土空前膨胀，被称为“帝国的黄金时期”。
在此期间，1703年，彼得大帝在涅瓦河口的查亚茨岛上建立彼得要塞，后扩建为城，称圣彼得堡。彼得大帝建立圣彼得堡市的目的就是使俄罗斯学习西方，学习欧洲，学习资本主义的先进。并在圣彼得堡推行欧洲的绅士风度，举办舞会、推行法语、开办学校，被称为“俄罗斯最欧洲的城市”。1712军，俄国首都从莫斯科迁到这里，持续200余年。期间留下来的名胜古迹有冬宫、夏宫、涅瓦大街。
1917年十月革命后，苏联共产党取得了政权，实行共产主义政策，吸收其他小国家成为加盟国，定国名为苏联。
1924年列宁逝世，被安葬在现在的列宁墓。之后，斯大林领导人民进行社会主义建设取得了伟大的成就。有地下艺术宫殿之称的莫斯科地铁就是那时开通的。苏联在1940年成为世界第二，欧洲第一的社会主义强大工农业发达的社会主义国家。斯大林时代留下了斯大林式建筑风格的一些建筑：莫斯科大学等。
1941至1945年苏联人民打败了凶残的法西斯德国。为了纪念反法西斯战争牺牲的无名英雄，苏联于1967年建造了著名的无名烈士墓。
苏联的历届领导人还有赫鲁晓夫、勃列日涅夫、安德罗波夫、契卡年科、戈尔巴乔夫等。新圣女墓园中可以看到他们的墓地和很有特色的雕像。苏联在50-70年代与美国等西方资本主义国家进行全面的对峙史称“冷战”。90年代，加盟共和国纷纷独立，苏联政权于1991年解体。
“俄罗斯联邦”和“俄罗斯”同为国名，实行资本主义和总统制，叶利钦为首任总统。1994年，基督救世主大教堂开始重建。

社交习俗

俄罗斯人相当讲究称呼，不过如果你和他们只是一般打打交道，就不用清楚所有的章法了。
在大街、商店、公共汽车等平常场合，你可称对方“您”(威)，或“同志”(达瓦里西)。
如果进一步交谈，你可以按对方性别年龄，分别称“先生”(嘎斯巴季尼)、“小姐”“捷乌什嘎”、“女士”(达姆)、“朋友”(得路克)、“小伙子”(马拉多依)。
与俄罗斯人在一个较正式的场合互相认识和交谈，要努力记住对方的全名，既要称呼他的名字还要加上父姓，以示尊敬和客气，而且记住：称“您”不称“你”。
礼仪习俗
俄罗斯人一般的见面礼是握手，但握手时要脱下手套，久别的亲朋好友常用亲吻拥抱礼，男士一般吻女士的手背。在隆重的场合，俄罗斯人用“面包加盐”的方式迎接贵宾表示最高的敬意和最热烈的欢迎，应邀到俄罗斯人家做客，进屋后应脱衣帽，先向女主人问好，再向男主人和其他人问好，男士吸烟，要先征得女士们的同意。
民族服饰
在俄民间，已婚妇女必须戴头巾，并以白色的为主；未婚姑娘则不戴头巾， 但常戴帽子。在城市里，俄罗斯人当前多穿西装或套裙，俄罗斯妇女往往还要穿一条连衣裙。典型的俄罗斯民族服装是：男子是斜襟长袖衬衣，通常在领口和下摆有绣花，穿时在衬衣外面系一根腰带。衬衣一般是用麻纱布、白棉布做成，也有用色彩鲜艳的花布做成。裤子稍肥，是用白布或染色的花布做成。
饮食习俗
鱼子酱，罗宋汤，还有传统小煎饼，都是非常有民族特色的。通常在俄罗斯餐桌上最常见的就是各种各样的肉类食品，几乎每餐都会有牛肉、羊肉、牛排、香肠等。
俄罗斯人常饮用的饮料有蜂蜜、格瓦斯等。俄罗斯人爱喝酒是世界闻名的，其中最重要的酒类当属伏特加。俄罗斯人有喝茶的习惯，主要饮用红茶。
忌讳
1、俄罗斯人特别忌讳“13”这个数字，认为它是凶险和死亡的象征。相反，认为“7”意味着幸福和成功。
2、俄罗斯人不喜欢黑猫，认为它不会带来好运气。
3、俄罗斯人认为镜子是神圣的物品，打碎镜子意味着灵魂的毁灭，但是如果打碎杯、碟、盘则意味着富贵和幸福，因此在喜筵、寿筵和其它隆重的场合，会特意打碎一些碟盘表示庆贺。
4、让烟时，一般要递上烟盒让其自取，不能只给一支。特别注意不要一根火柴点三个人的烟。男人吸烟时，先问问你身旁妇女介意不介意。出门时，男子帮助同行妇女穿大衣，拉大门。
5、谈话时请看着对方，不插话，以示尊敬。
6、上厕所的代语是“对不起，请等一下”或说“对不起，我去打个电话，请等一等”。
7、握手时要脱手套，不摇对方的手，一般的关系，轻轻地握；关系很好时可用力。
8、对年长者的妇女，别先伸手。对初见面的妇女，可先鞠躬。
9、你是女子，请切忌以裙子当扇子扇风，否则引起不必要的误会。
10、对他人不得用手指指点点，交谈时不要大声嚷嚷，俄罗斯人在公共场合要么不说话，要么低声交谈，很文明。